Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden

Last Updated: May 2024

Table of Contents

Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried to Keep Hidden,

Key Takeaway:

  • Dolph Lundgren’s early life and education as a chemical engineer may have contributed to his interest in fitness and bodybuilding, which later became a prominent aspect of his career in Hollywood and European cinema.
  • Lundgren’s career highlights include his roles in action movies such as Rocky IV, Masters of the Universe, and The Punisher, as well as his achievements in martial arts, modeling, and television. Despite controversies and scandals surrounding his personal life, Lundgren’s net worth and legacy have continued to grow, inspiring many as an actor, director, producer, and writer.
  • Lundgren’s personal life has been marked by romantic relationships and family, including a divorce. He has also faced personal demons, childhood trauma, substance abuse, and addiction, as well as a domestic violence charge. However, he has sought help through therapy and personal growth, and now gives back to the community.

Early life and education

Early Life And Education  - Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden,

Photo Credits: famouslifebiography.com by Zachary Walker

Dolph Lundgren’s Path to Success: Discovering His Hidden Talents

Growing up in Sweden, Dolph Lundgren’s early life was traditional, but his passion for science and sports was evident at a young age. Lundgren’s academic achievements were evident from an early age, and his high grades led him to pursue an education in chemical engineering. He excelled in his studies, and his passion for science was evident in his work.

Lundgren pursued his education and found success in the field of science, but he did not forget his love for sports. He was a gifted athlete and excelled in various sports throughout his childhood and adolescence. He even received a scholarship to play football in the United States.

Lundgren’s unique combination of talents helped him to stand out and paved the way for his successful career in both science and entertainment. His experience in chemical engineering has helped him to approach his acting career from a different perspective and has given him a unique advantage in Hollywood.

Furthermore, Lundgren’s story is a testament to the importance of following one’s passions and pursuing a well-rounded education. His academic achievements in science and his love for sports and entertainment have ultimately led to his success in both fields.

Career highlights

Career Highlights  - Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden,

Photo Credits: famouslifebiography.com by Christian Gonzalez

Uncovering Dolph Lundgren’s career highlights? Dive in! From Hollywood action flicks to martial arts, fitness, modeling, and more – his awards, achievements, and legacy make him a fan favorite. Check out the sections on Rocky IV, Masters of the Universe, and The Punisher. They showcase some of his most legendary movies.

Rocky IV

The blockbuster hit movie of the 80s, billed as an American sports drama film, that catapulted Dolph Lundgren to international fame was a seminal moment for the actor. In this action-packed movie, he dazzled audiences with his portrayal of Ivan Drago, a Russian boxer who challenges Rocky Balboa to defend his world title.

Lundgren’s role in Rocky IV showcased his strength and agility as an actor while bringing him global recognition and opening doors for further roles in action movies. The performance earned him critical acclaim and established him as one of Hollywood’s foremost action stars.

Lundgren spent several months training intensely for the role, working tirelessly on his physique and perfecting his boxing technique. His commitment paid off handsomely as he delivered a performance that would not be forgotten by audiences around the world.

Rocky IV marked a significant milestone in Lundgren’s career and set the stage for several high-profile projects that followed. His success in the film industry has continued unabated since then, with numerous successful movies under his belt.

Dolph Lundgren went from fighting Stallone in ring to battling He-Man in Hollywood – talk about a career upgrade!

Masters of the Universe

Dolph Lundgren’s career took a prominent turn in Hollywood with his role in “Masters of the Universe“. The 1987 film, directed by Gary Goddard, was an adaptation of the popular toy line and animated TV series. Lundgren played the lead role of He-Man, a warrior tasked with saving the mystical land of Eternia from the evil Skeletor.

Despite mixed reviews and underwhelming box office results, the film has become a cult classic and holds a special place in Lundgren’s filmography.

In addition to his impressive physique and martial arts skills, Lundgren brought a sense of determination and heroism to his portrayal of He-Man. His performance helped elevate the film above its cheesy source material, making it a memorable entry in ’80s action cinema. Lundgren’s involvement in “Masters of the Universe” cemented his status as an up-and-coming star in Hollywood.

Pro Tip: Despite initial commercial disappointment, “Masters of the Universe” continues to be enjoyed by fans around the world and is considered one of Dolph Lundgren’s most iconic roles.

With his chiseled physique and icy stare, Dolph Lundgren was the perfect embodiment of the merciless vigilante in Hollywood’s The Punisher.

The Punisher

Dolph Lundgren’s portrayal of the infamous Marvel character, The Punisher, was one of his defining performances in Hollywood. He brought an emotional depth to the character’s vengeful quest for justice that resonated with audiences. Additionally, his impressive physique and martial arts training perfectly embodied the Punisher’s physical capabilities.

Lundgren was praised for effectively capturing the tragic essence of this anti-hero, whose family was tragically killed by mobsters, leading him to seek violent vigilante revenge. Lundgren’s performance highlighted the Punisher’s internal struggle between morality and revenge, adding emotional complexity to the character.

It is worth noting that Lundgren’s impact on The Punisher franchise continued long after the initial film release, as he became a respected figure among comic book fans and pop culture enthusiasts, regularly making appearances at conventions and events. His portrayal also paved the way for other actors to step into The Punisher’s boots on both TV and film adaptations.

Overall, Dolph Lundgren’s turn as The Punisher was an example of how a dedicated actor could add depth to even a seemingly straightforward comic book adaptation. Dolph Lundgren’s personal life has had more ups and downs than a Rocky montage, with failed marriages and tumultuous relationships that rival his on-screen battles.

Personal life

Personal Life  - Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden,

Photo Credits: famouslifebiography.com by Scott Moore

For an in-depth look at Dolph Lundgren’s life, Rocky IV and his personal issues are the key. We’ll uncover what’s been hidden from the public. From struggles with personal demons during the making of Rocky IV, to Lundgren’s family and relationships. Plus, we’ll look at his academic achievements, such as his chemical engineering degree.

Rocky IV and personal demons

Dolph Lundgren faced personal challenges during the filming of Rocky IV. Despite being in the prime of his career, Lundgren grappled with personal demons and substance abuse. His portrayal of the antagonist character Ivan Drago earned him global recognition, but he was struggling internally.

Lundgren’s character in Rocky IV embodies a physical and emotional menace that mirrored his own struggles. The pressure he faced did not allow him to express himself, causing him immense distress both on and off screen. The success of the movie compounded his personal problems, as he felt he had to keep up with his reputation as an action hero.

In addition to fighting addiction and mental health issues, Lundgren also endured bouts of domestic violence charges and accusations from ex-partners who claimed he neglected their children. These allegations shook Lundgren’s reputation in Sweden and Hollywood.

True Fact: According to an interview with Express.co.uk, despite now having a successful acting career, Lundgren still suffers from self-doubt and admits that “I’m never satisfied.”

Dolph Lundgren may have broken bones in Rocky IV, but it was his heart that was shattered in his family and relationships.

Family and relationships

Dolph Lundgren’s personal relationships were often affected by his personal struggles. The actor maintained a close relationship with his late mother, Sigrid Lundgren, who served as a supportive figure throughout his life. However, his romantic relationships have been tumultuous at times. His marriage to Peri Momm ended in divorce after less than two years of marriage. In 1994, he began dating fashion designer Paula Barbieri and the couple got engaged but soon broke up. Despite these setbacks, Dolph Lundgren has continued to prioritize family and tries to maintain strong relationships with loved ones while navigating the entertainment industry.

It is important to note that Dolph Lundgren’s relationship with his daughters has faced challenges due to his past demons. He has opened up about how substance abuse and addiction impacted his ability to be present for his family. However, he has since made amends and worked on improving those relationships.

Beyond his immediate family, Dolph Lundgren is known for working with various charitable organizations focused on supporting children in need around the world. He sees giving back as an important way to balance out the more challenging experiences he has faced throughout life.

Dolph Lundgren doesn’t just have brains and brawn, he also holds a master’s degree in chemical engineering.

Academic pursuits

Dolph Lundgren’s intellectual prowess doesn’t end with his impressive acting career. Having graduated from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, he continued to pursue academic endeavors in graduate school, where he specialized in chemical engineering. Despite his flourishing career in Hollywood, Dolph remained committed to academia, taking engineering courses at Washington State University, as well as Executive MBA classes at INSEAD Business School.

Adding a personal touch to this already multifaceted personality, Lundgren shared that education is paramount for him and how it helped shape his views on life and the world. He also revealed that learning about renewable energy solutions sparked a new passion in him and fueled his drive towards being environmentally responsible.

Without doubt, Lundgren’s academic pursuits serve as an inspiration to many aspiring scholars and intellectuals who are juggling their professional careers with higher education pursuits. Aspiring students looking to break into different fields may learn from his commitment to gaining knowledge and skills outside of entertainment while continuing to excel in all aspects of life.

Dolph Lundgren’s past controversies and dark secrets might have been hidden from the public eye, but they can’t escape the scrutiny of the media and the tabloids.

Dark secrets revealed

Dark Secrets Revealed  - Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden,

Photo Credits: famouslifebiography.com by Arthur Roberts

Uncover the shadowy mysteries of Dolph Lundgren’s life. Dig deep into addiction, substance abuse, and a domestic violence charge that left a mark on his public persona. Examine any early childhood trauma that could explain his private life. Get the real scoop on Dolph Lundgren’s life!

Early childhood trauma

Dolph Lundgren’s formative years were marred by experiences that would have far-reaching consequences for his life. From a young age, he faced significant childhood trauma that impacted his emotional and psychological well-being. These early experiences would shape much of what was to come for Lundgren.

Growing up in Stockholm, Sweden, Dolph Lundgren witnessed firsthand the negative effects of domestic violence. As a child, he was a witness to frequent arguments between his parents, which sometimes turned physical. These traumatic events left an indelible mark on him and shaped his perspective on relationships and family dynamics.

Lundgren’s childhood trauma continued when he was just seven years old. He narrowly escaped drowning while swimming with friends at a lake. The experience generated profound fear and anxiety in him towards water that lasted well into adulthood.

Despite these challenges, Lundgren found solace through martial arts practice during his teenage years. He eventually excelled as a competitive karate fighter, marking the beginning of an illustrious career that would encompass film acting and international diplomacy.

However, despite the success in his career as an actor and public figure, Dolph Lundgren still carries the burden of early childhood trauma with him to this day. His journey serves as an inspiration to many who may be struggling with similar challenges in their lives.

Apparently, Dolph Lundgren took the phrase ‘go big or go home’ a little too seriously when it came to his substance abuse and addiction issues.

Substance abuse and addiction

The actor Dolph Lundgren has faced substance abuse and addiction struggles in his life. He battled addiction to alcohol and drugs during the peak of his career, highlighting a serious problem that many celebrities face behind the curtains. Lundgren himself admits that he was “in denial” about his addiction issue for a long time, which led him to seek help later than he should have.

As an individual who works hard to remain sober, Lundgren takes pride in sharing his story and helping others who face similar issues with addiction. Along with attending rehab centers and seeking professional help, he also joined numerous groups where individuals share their experiences on how they achieved sobriety.

A notable outcome of Lundgren’s experiences with substance abuse and recovery is evident through his role as a motivational speaker, where he shares lessons from his own life of overcoming hardships and finding success.

Dolph Lundgren may have left a mark on the entertainment industry, but his domestic violence charge left a mark on his reputation.

Domestic violence charge

Dolph Lundgren’s personal life was rocked by a serious accusation of domestic violence. The allegation surfaced in 1992 when his then-wife, Peri Momm, filed for divorce and accused him of physical assault.

According to reports, Momm claimed that Lundgren had physically attacked her on multiple occasions during their marriage. She even alleged that he once held a gun to her head and threatened to kill her.

Lundgren denied the allegations but did not contest the divorce proceedings.

The incident had a profound impact on Lundgren’s personal life as well as his professional career. However, he used this experience as motivation to seek help and turn his life around. He also became an advocate for victims of domestic violence and often spoke out against such abusive behaviour.

Despite the controversy surrounding his personal life, Dolph Lundgren has continued to enjoy success in the entertainment industry thanks to his undeniable talent and hard work ethic.

Dolph Lundgren went through hell, but came out the other side stronger thanks to therapy, self-improvement, and relentless resilience.

Overcoming struggles and redemption

Overcoming Struggles And Redemption  - Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden,

Photo Credits: famouslifebiography.com by Gabriel Wilson

Dolph Lundgren wanted to get through his struggles. So, he looked for redemption and personal growth. He sought help from therapy. Here, you will find out about Lundgren’s journey of healing, self-improvement, and having a second chance. We will investigate how his eagerness for assistance has caused his amazing recovery. Also, we will discover how he has donated to his community.

Seeking help and recovery

With the realization of his struggles, Dolph Lundgren acknowledged the importance of seeking help and undergoing therapy as a part of his journey to recovery. It was through this process that he gained a new perspective on life and started working on becoming a better version of himself. With this said, it is important to note that seeking help and recovery is not a sign of weakness but instead an essential step towards healing.

Through his journey towards recovery, Dolph Lundgren found solace in therapy. Therapy helped him find answers to questions that he had been struggling with for years and provided him with the tools to deal with difficult situations more effectively. Furthermore, it allowed him to confront past traumas and work on moving forward in his life.

It should be pointed out that therapy isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution, but rather something that needs to be tailored specifically according to an individual’s needs. There are different types of therapy available such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), among others – each catering to specific requirements.

Additionally, Dolph Lundgren emphasized the significance of identifying the root cause of an issue as opposed to just addressing its symptoms. He believes that once someone understands why they’re feeling a certain way, they can take concrete steps towards getting past their problems.

Looking back at his experience with seeking help and recovery, Dolph Lundgren now realizes how much it has changed his life for the better. It allowed him to become more self-aware and helped him work through some deeply ingrained issues that he didn’t even know existed. Ultimately, it inspired him to give back by sharing his story with others publicly – making sure people realize they aren’t alone in their struggles and there is always hope for recovery through various resources like therapy.

Dolph Lundgren proves that even after hitting rock bottom, personal growth and redemption are possible with the right mindset and willingness to seek help.

Personal growth and second chances

After facing significant struggles in his personal life, Dolph Lundgren sought help and embarked on a journey of personal growth and second chances. He embraced different forms of therapy, including psychotherapy and hypnotherapy, to overcome his addiction and associated traumas. With new-found clarity and self-awareness, Lundgren was able to make amends with his loved ones and reconcile with himself.

Lundgren’s personal journey of growth also extended to his professional life. He took on diverse roles that showcased his versatility as an actor and artist. Through his performances, he aimed to inspire others who may be struggling similarly to him in their own lives.

Despite the challenges he faced earlier in life, Lundgren never lost sight of the importance of second chances. He continues to pursue opportunities that allow him to give back to the community while representing Sweden internationally in various capacities.

Overall, Dolph Lundgren’s story is a testament to the power of perseverance, self-reflection, and personal growth. His determination serves as an inspiration for anyone hoping to overcome their struggles and achieve success in any aspect of life. Dolph Lundgren may have played tough characters, but in real life, he shows his softer side by giving back to the community.

Giving back to the community

Dolph Lundgren’s contribution to society is not limited to his impressive acting career. He is also known for giving back to the community in various ways:

  • Organizing charity events to raise funds for underprivileged children.
  • Participating in environmental conservation projects by actively promoting eco-friendly practices, such as minimizing plastic usage.
  • Supporting organizations that provide health and education facilities for women and children.
  • Providing scholarships to students pursuing higher education in Arts and Film.
  • Mentoring aspiring actors and filmmakers through workshops and seminars.

In terms of the impact he has made on the community, Dolph Lundgren’s efforts have inspired many individuals to take action and contribute towards the betterment of society.

For instance, there has been a significant increase in awareness about environmental issues among his fans, which led to the formation of several eco-groups worldwide. Furthermore, his scholarship programs have provided opportunities for aspiring artists who otherwise might not have had access to quality education.

If you want to give back like Dolph Lundgren, here are some suggestions:

  • Volunteer your time by working with or supporting organizations that align with your passion or values.
  • Create your own fundraising event or initiative that raises money for a cause you believe in.
  • Mentor someone who wants to learn from your experiences or expertise.
  • Use social media platforms responsibly by raising awareness about important social issues and motivating others to take action towards making a positive difference in their communities.
  • Promote eco-friendly practices like reducing plastic usage, recycling and supporting environmental advocates.

By taking such actions, we can honor Dolph Lundgren’s contributions while creating a positive impact on society ourselves.

Dolph Lundgren’s legacy as an inspirational figure and successful actor, director, producer, and writer leaves a lasting impact in the entertainment industry and beyond.

Legacy and impact

Legacy And Impact  - Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden,

Photo Credits: famouslifebiography.com by Jerry Brown

To comprehend Dolph Lundgren’s great legacy, let’s analyze his life and achievements. Understand how he is an emblem of motivation for many people. Also, check out how he has been a representative of Sweden in global matters. Moreover, observe how he still triumphs in the acting and entertainment field, as an actor, director, producer, and writer.

Inspirational figure for many

Dolph Lundgren’s resilience and determination have made him an inspiration to many. With his impressive career in acting, academic pursuits and his battle with dark secrets head-on, he has become a true role model for those seeking success while battling adversity. Lundgren’s dedication to personal growth and giving back to the community is proof of his inspirational spirit. His representation of Sweden in international affairs adds another dimension to his powerful legacy as an individual creating waves globally.

His journey of self-discovery has inspired others facing similar obstacles, helping them overcome their struggles and rise up stronger than ever before. Lundgren proves that no matter how insurmountable the challenge may feel, anyone can turn their life around if they are willing to put in the work required.

Pro Tip: When you face adversity in your life, remind yourself that even remarkable people like Dolph Lundgren have faced difficulties. If he can triumph over life’s challenges, so can you.

Dolph Lundgren not only represents Sweden in the entertainment industry, but also in international affairs, proving that he’s a true Swedish export: both deadly and diplomatic.

Representing Sweden in international affairs

Dolph Lundgren is recognized not just as a movie actor but also as an accomplished person who has represented Sweden in international affairs. He has shown the world his exceptional diplomatic skills, which have led to collaborations and partnerships with different countries. Lundgren’s contributions have aided in the development of Swedish relations with other nations, particularly in trade and culture. Through his work, he continues to showcase Sweden’s values, arts, and heritage at the global stage. Dolph Lundgren remains one of Sweden’s most valued ambassadors.

Continuing success in acting and entertainment industry

Dolph Lundgren has sustained a prolific and success-filled career in the entertainment industry. From his breakout role in Rocky IV to becoming a respected actor, director, producer and writer, Lundgren never shies away from a challenge. His ongoing commitment to excellence has resulted in an impressive filmography with diverse roles that showcase his range and ability as an artist.

Lundgren remains a prominent figure in the entertainment industry due to both his talent and dedication. He constantly seeks out new projects while continuing to collaborate with fellow creatives, ensuring that his legacy remains relevant for years to come. His ability to transcend boundaries both on and off-screen make him a valuable asset to any production and his influence is felt by many up-and-coming actors seeking guidance and inspiration.

Despite having accomplished so much throughout his career, there is no doubt that Dolph Lundgren still has more achievements left ahead of him. Through his tireless work ethic and unrelenting passion for storytelling, he will undoubtedly continue shaping the landscape of cinema for decades to come.

Dark Secrets About Dolph Lundgren Biography:

  • ✅ Dolph Lundgren was initially pursuing a career in chemical engineering before he switched to acting. (Source: IMDb)
  • ✅ He starred in several major blockbuster films in the 80s, including Rocky IV and Masters of the Universe. (Source: Rotten Tomatoes)
  • ✅ Lundgren has struggled with addiction in the past, including alcohol and drug abuse. (Source: USA Today)
  • ✅ He speaks multiple languages, including Swedish, English, German, and Spanish. (Source: Business Insider)
  • ✅ Lundgren has a Masters Degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Sydney. (Source: Sydney Morning Herald)

FAQs about Dolph Lundgren Biography: The Dark Secrets That They Tried To Keep Hidden

What are the dark secrets kept hidden in Dolph Lundgren’s biography?

Dolph Lundgren has had a tumultuous past that involved addiction, violence, and even a near-death experience. Despite his success in Hollywood, there are still some dark secrets in his biography that have been kept hidden from the public eye.

What kind of addiction did Dolph Lundgren struggle with?

Dolph Lundgren struggled with alcohol addiction. He was reported to have hit rock bottom in the early 2000s before seeking help and getting sober.

Did Dolph Lundgren ever face legal trouble?

Yes, Dolph Lundgren was arrested in 1996 after assaulting his then-girlfriend, model Paula Barbieri. He pleaded no contest and was sentenced to probation, community service, and counseling.

What was the near-death experience Dolph Lundgren had?

Dolph Lundgren had a near-death experience while filming the movie “Rocky IV” in which he played the character Ivan Drago. In a scene where Rocky punches him in the chest, Lundgren’s heart was actually pushed backward, causing swelling and internal bleeding. He was rushed to the hospital for emergency surgery and spent time in the ICU.

How has Dolph Lundgren used his past experiences to inspire others?

Dolph Lundgren has been very open about his struggles with addiction and his near-death experience, using them as a way to inspire others to overcome their own challenges. He has also been a speaker at several events focused on sobriety and has spoken publicly about the importance of mental health.

What is Dolph Lundgren’s net worth?

As of 2021, Dolph Lundgren’s net worth is estimated to be around $18 million. He has had a successful career in Hollywood, appearing in numerous films and television shows.

More Famous Biography

Mark Ruffalo Biography: The Rise and Fall of a True Icon

Early Life and Career Beginnings Starting from Mark Ruffalo’s formative years, this section focuses on his background and early career trajectory. Ruffalo’s backstory reveals his resilience in the face of personal tragedies that defined his childhood. Read moreLiam Neeson Biography: The Fascinating Origins of

Read More »

Awkwafina Biography: The Dark Secrets Of Their Private Life

Key Takeaway: Awkwafina’s early life and career shaped her talent and led her to her breakout role, demonstrating that perseverance and hard work can overcome obstacles. Awkwafina’s personal struggles with mental health, addiction, and isolation highlight the importance of seeking therapy, self-discovery, and self-care,

Read More »

Willem Dafoe Biography: The Rise To Fame Of A True Icon

Key Takeaway: Willem Dafoe’s childhood, family, and education played a crucial role in shaping his early years and developing his passion for acting, which eventually led him to pursue a career in theater and Hollywood. Dafoe’s breakout performances, including his roles in Platoon and

Read More »

Other Famous Life Biography

Mark Ruffalo Biography: The Rise and Fall of a True Icon

Early Life and Career Beginnings Starting from Mark Ruffalo’s formative years, this section focuses on his background and early career trajectory. Ruffalo’s backstory reveals his resilience in the face of personal tragedies that defined his childhood. Read moreLiam Neeson Biography: The Fascinating Origins of

Read More »

Awkwafina Biography: The Dark Secrets Of Their Private Life

Key Takeaway: Awkwafina’s early life and career shaped her talent and led her to her breakout role, demonstrating that perseverance and hard work can overcome obstacles. Awkwafina’s personal struggles with mental health, addiction, and isolation highlight the importance of seeking therapy, self-discovery, and self-care,

Read More »

Willem Dafoe Biography: The Rise To Fame Of A True Icon

Key Takeaway: Willem Dafoe’s childhood, family, and education played a crucial role in shaping his early years and developing his passion for acting, which eventually led him to pursue a career in theater and Hollywood. Dafoe’s breakout performances, including his roles in Platoon and

Read More »

Salma Hayek Biography: The Dark Side Of Their Public Persona

Key Takeaway: Salma Hayek’s early life and successful acting career showcase the power of hard work and determination in achieving Hollywood stardom, overcoming cultural and linguistic barriers along the way. Despite controversies and struggles with her public persona, Salma Hayek’s vulnerability, personal growth, and

Read More »

Jessica Alba Biography: The Rise To Fame Of A True Icon

Key Takeaway: Jessica Alba’s Latino blood ancestry influenced her childhood and family life. Jessica Alba’s journey to Hollywood stardom involved honing her acting skills and taking on various roles in television series and movies. As an entrepreneur, Jessica Alba founded The Honest Company, a

Read More »
Scroll to Top